The Sun Also Rises Essays (2591 words) - English-language Films

The Sun Also Rises The Hemingway Hero Prevalent among many of Ernest Hemingway's novels is the concept popularly known as the Hemingway hero, an ideal character readily accepted by American readers as a man's man. In The Sun Also Rises, four different men are compared and contrasted as they engage in some form of relationship with Lady Brett Ashley, a near-nymphomaniac Englishwoman who indulges in her passion for sex and control. Brett plans to marry her fiancee for superficial reasons, completely ruins one man emotionally and spiritually, separates from another to preserve the idea of their short-lived affair and to avoid self-destruction, and denies and disgraces the only man whom she loves most dearly. All her relationships occur in a period of months, as Brett either accepts or rejects certain values or traits of each man. Brett, as a dynamic and self-controlled woman, and her four love interests help demonstrate Hemingway's standard definition of a man and/or masculinity. Each man Brett has a relationship with in the novel possesses distinct qualities that enable Hemingway to explore what it is to truly be a man. The Hemingway man thus presented is a man of action, of self-discipline and self-reliance, and of strength and courage to confront all weaknesses, fears, failures, and even death. Jake Barnes, as the narrator and supposed hero of the novel, fell in love with Brett some years ago and is still powerfully and uncontrollably in love with her. However, Jake is unfortunately a casualty of the war, having been emasculated in a freak accident. Still adjusting to his impotence at the beginning of the novel, Jake has lost all power and desire to have sex. Because of this, Jake and Brett cannot be lovers and all attempts at a relationship that is sexually fulfilling are simply futile. Brett is a passionate, lustful woman who is driven by the most intimate and loving act two may share, something that Jake just cannot provide her with. Jake's emasculation only puts the two in a grandly ironic situation. Brett is an extremely passionate woman but is denied the first man she feels true love and admiration for. Jake has loved Brett for years and cannot have her because of his inability to have sex. It is obvious that their love is mutual when Jake tries to kiss Brett in their cab ride home: 'You mustn't. You must know. I can't stand it, that's all. Oh darling, please understand!', 'Don't you love me?', 'Love you? I simply turn all to jelly when you touch me' (26, Ch. 4). This scene is indicative of their relationship as Jake and Brett hopelessly desire each other but realize the futility of further endeavors. Together, they have both tried to defy reality, but failed. Jake is frustrated by Brett's reappearance into his life and her confession that she is miserably unhappy. Jake asks Brett to go off with him to the country for bit: 'Couldn't we go off in the country for a while?', 'It wouldn't be any good. I'll go if you like. But I couldn't live quietly in the country. Not with my own true love', 'I know', 'Isn't it rotten? There isn't any use my telling you I love you', 'You know I love you', 'Let's not talk. Talking's all bilge' (55, Ch. 7). Brett declines Jake's pointless attempt at being together. Both Brett and Jake know that any relationship beyond a friendship cannot be pursued. Jake is still adjusting to his impotence while Brett will not sacrifice a sexual relationship for the man she loves. Since Jake can never be Brett's lover, they are forced to create a new relationship for themselves, perhaps one far more dangerous than that of mere lovers - they have become best friends. This presents a great difficulty for Jake, because Brett's presence is both pleasurable and agonizing for him. Brett constantly reminds him of his handicap and thus Jake is challenged as a man in the deepest, most personal sense possible. After the departure of their first meeting, Jake feels miserable: This was Brett, that I had felt like crying about. Then I thought of her walking up the street and of course in a little while I felt like hell again (34, Ch. 4). Lady Brett Ashley serves

Madama Butterfly

Madama Butterfly Madama Butterfly When asked to go view a live performance there were no doubts in my mind that I would go see Giacomo Puccini's Madama Butterfly. The story of Cio-cio-san, the eternally faithful heroine, is one of the most wrenching and well known in all of opera. A young geisha is so blinded by hope for a better life that she does not see the truth about the man she loves until it is far too late. There is more to this story than we often see. The culture conflict between the East and West is just beneath the surface. In 1900, Japan was discovering the West, both the arrogance and the promise, for the first time. During that time, hundreds of Japanese women married American servicemen and immigrated to America. Countless others suffered the cruel fate of Madama Butterfly.Act one takes place in Japan in the early twentieth century.Pinkerton Academy, Derry, N.H.

A Review of Mahatma Gandhis Statements in His Book Selected Political Writings

A Review of Mahatma Gandhi's Statements in His Book Selected Political Writings Gandhi Essay Mahatma Gandhi, in the book â€Å"Selected Political Writings,† claimed that â€Å"swaraj† is to be taken to mean the â€Å"independence† of a nation or people. In this essay I will discuss the questions of: Why does Gandhi think nations need to rule themselves? What does he mean when he suggests â€Å"external freedom will always be the means of measuring the freedom of the self within. Hence we often find the laws that are made to grant us freedom often turn out to be the shackles binding us†? And, why does he say that â€Å"warfare may give us another rule for the English rule, but not self-rule†? I will first begin with answering the question of why Gandhi thinks nations need to rule themselves. Gandhi uses the word â€Å"swaraj† to mean independence or self-rule. He says politically that â€Å"swaraj† is self-government and not good government, meaning that a country, India in this case, is independent of another governments’ control; at the time India was under the control of Great Britain. Gandhi is seeing the abuse, oppression, and crisis that his people were in so he led a non-violent civil disobedience movement. It was said that â€Å"liberation ultimately had to begin with the colonized and end with the colonizers†. Gandhi realized that the real power was never really in the colonizers (Great Britain) or the government, but in the hands of the people. Gandhi said that growth would come to India if â€Å"swaraj† was attained. That was really what he wanted, a great change to come to India; the kind of change that would encompass all of society, individuals, and communities. He didn’t say however that it would be easy for â€Å"swaraj† because it is not just â€Å"the change of government from British to Indian rule but a real change of heart on the part of the people†. Next, I will discuss what Gandhi meant when he said that â€Å"external freedom will always be the means of measuring the freedom of the self within. Hence, we often find the laws that are made to grant us freedom often turn out to be the shackles binding us†. In that quote Gandhi is saying that his fellow Indians should have social reforms that don’t rely on the British leaving, known as his â€Å"constructive program† (106), but that rely on reforming the self. He said that as a reply to his fellow Indians that challenged him that those social reforms could only be obtained after Britain had left. The social reforms were the major concentration that Gandhi was focusing on. He felt that it would not just work to attack the politics or the economy of India to gain its independence, but to attack the society as a whole. This attack was known as a reform in which everyone was to have a commitment to the uplift of others and to change society where power comes fro m. He is also saying that when he mentions â€Å"laws† he is referring to â€Å"the legislators† and how they take it upon themselves to rule the people instead of just representing them. It is easy for people with power to abuse it and such that is why the real power must remain with the people. Gandhi had to exemplify this point for his people to become free from Britain which ruled them. It was easy though for Britain to gain that kind of power over India because it used â€Å"fear of the government, legislators, law-courts, [and] armies† to rule them. However, Gandhi said that all of that power would be lost when Indians reformed themselves to know that freedom comes not from the government, but from within. Lastly, I will cover why Gandhi says that â€Å"warfare may give us another rule for the English rule, but not self-rule. Gandhi is in essence saying that resulting to violence will not give them the independence (swaraj) that they want, but another ruler like Great Britain. He has been promoting â€Å"swaraj† but notes that â€Å"the pilgrimage to swaraj is a painful climb†. The reason it is such a hard climb is because it involves a national education and an awakening of national consciousness throughout all of India that violence is not the answer and â€Å"swaraj† would only be obtained through non-violence. He gives the example of a â€Å"multi-headed monster† and how when violence is used it cuts off a head but then another shows up. Gandhi uses that example to show how the English, if not Western ideals, would not stop coming into and ruling over India if violence were used. He acknowledges that a revolution of India is on the way but that canâ⠂¬â„¢t happen if India is still being ruled by the English and not themselves. All of this reasoning from Gandhi about non-violence is coming from his reply to questions that he was asked that argued the contradictory of his view. That contradiction was that â€Å"if it is proved that by killing a few hundred, †¦can [we] put a stop to the degeneration of 33 million†? That is a strong point that was made which has been used time and time again throughout history but Gandhi objected it. He says that it is not encompassing the highest good of mankind like that of â€Å"swaraj† does. The good that it would do for India would be only temporary and not permanent like that of non-violence would do. Gandhi also claimed that the responsibility of the present state, encompassing the English rule, the need for â€Å"swaraj,† and the need for non-violence, of India was more theirs â€Å"than that of the English†. He was saying that there is little to no more â€Å"evil† that the English can do to India if all that India gives is â€Å"good.† Morals are what Gandhi revolves his whole reasoning around, for he is not just trying to change a small part of a society but flip the whole thing. India had been oppressed by Great Britain for such a long time that its society had become unaware of where its power really lay. In that respect, India was to blame and not Great Britain. To conclude, this essay covered the questions of: Why does Gandhi think nations need to rule themselves with that â€Å"swaraj† is necessary for a society to completely change and become independent of any other power. What does he mean when he suggests â€Å"external freedom will always be the means of measuring the freedom of the self within. Hence we often find the laws that are made to grant us freedom often turn out to be the shackles binding us† with that social reforms are necessary and change from within the person is essential for their freedom. And, why does he say that â€Å"warfare may give us another rule for the English rule, but not self-rule† with that violence would only put them back to where they started but that non-violence is the answer to everything.

Publishing with contnet management systems Essay

Publishing with contnet management systems - Essay Example PowerPoint is a content management system and is employed for many tasks. It facilitates the users with publishing features. There are also rhetorical challenges that it offers to writers. Publishing with PowerPoint as a content management system facilitate the user with alterations in production and use of a document. The content management tasks performed by PowerPoint are content cutting, strong boundary-slides cutting, logical flow and many others related to STOP (Sequential Thematic Organization of Publications) document, Quick Scan, and Hypertext. The writers employ the technique of content cutting when they require fitting their text in a slide of PowerPoint. Content cutting can be seen as a rhetorical challenge to writers because they have to make sure that the content that is published is the most appropriate. Development of slides restricts the writers to use a minimized space for the display of their information. Writers and users of PowerPoint are also accommodated with strong boundary-slides cutting, which means that they are allowed to develop the slides according to their needs and requirements but they must display the information in an understandable manner that is easy for the readers to go through. Through logical flow, the writers are required to develop and publish slides in a manner that is logical. One idea or set of information displayed on one slide should have relevancy and flow with the next slides. The writers of slides face a challenge to manage the data and information in a logical flow. With STOP method of documentation of slides, the writers writing slides on PowerPoint can display more information in a single preview as two pages are attached and separated by means of a line. Nearly 350 to 1000 words can be displayed by means of STOP. The writers are challenged as to what kind of information and to which extent can they publish by means of STOP. Hypertext is a medium that allows the users and writers to publish their

What It Means To Be Human Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What It Means To Be Human - Research Paper Example The human being is comprised of a complex amount of systems and characteristics hence can be defined from numerous perspectives. Many philosophers have expressed different view points on the subject matter. This paper will analyze the view points of Willard and Aquinas. Dallas Willard expresses his view points through cultural shifts, classical philosophy and modernity. In the process he investigates and analyzes arguments concerning human nature and derives the conclusion that humans were are solely distinguished by their ability to love and be loved and to serve and be served by others. Thomas Aquinas viewed human nature as a paradox, with the defining trait of dividing between spirit and matter. The paper will compare and contrast the different view points of these philosophers and how they argue and support their view points. Thomas Aquinas perceives the link between consciousness and matter ‘as humanity’s desire for God as an expression for the life of the trinityâ €™ (Beattie, 2012). Humans are the only living species who have the ability to differentiate their existence between spirit and matter. This is a defining characteristic as humans are able to differentiate themselves for other animals. ... perspective provides insight on the subject matter as the ability to value the meaning of life allows humanity to preserve it and create a society which is guided by boundaries which enable the preservation of life. This is a well structured argument as this is present in the human society and has not been defined as a trait in other species. The ability of separation of an inner self the physical being also enables one to act upon the means that cater for ideal conditions in society. Humanity also has the ability to ‘utilize its intellect to transcend its material confines with a unique imagination and freedom’ (Beattie, 2012). The modern philosophical referral to this matter is known as the problem of consciousness. The theory of evolution fails to explain the ability of one species, humans, to develop a conscience. Many philosophers agree with Aquinas’ viewpoint as they accept the ideology that the ability of mankind to question his very being and try to find w ays to study and analyze reason for his existence and that of other species (Rose, 2008). Other species do not have the capacity to question their existence and other life forms around them. Most species are naturally aware of their existence and way to carry out their lives to put them at an advantage in their community. However, the complexity of this analogy is only characteristic to humans. Other species analyze their community for survival whilst humans analyze theirs for advancement and improvement of life. The fact that evolution does not show these traits in other species is Aquinas basis in disregarding this concept in the process of defining human beings. It is also his rightful basis on disregarding the ideologies of fellow philosophers such as Immanuel Kant and Rene Descartes who perceive our

A Visit to the Animal Kingdom in Florida Essay Example for Free

A Visit to the Animal Kingdom in Florida Essay English Reflective Essay Florida is portrayed as a fantasy land where Mickey Mouse greets you around every corner and where Cinderella actually lives, where days go by without a single drop of rain and the sky is consistently perfectly blue. However this was the farthest thing from my mind as I sat in an immense carbon-emmiting monster whose air conditioning has spluttered and died and while the heavens poured the air was so thick and mucky that flies were sticking to the windshield as we drove, only to be washed away by the drowning rain. As this was happening, my dad who was yet to figure out his left from his right had the near-miracle task of finding our hotel. Which was almost impossible because visibility was limited to about a yard and that requires great concentration, which was hard to find after the fiasco at the airport. Day 2 To my great excitement, Animal Kingdom was our first theme park, rather disappointing though what was hyped up to be a splendour of animal based excitement turned out to be a zoo with the odd thrill. However my memory of the first day was largely marred by Dad; with his new and shiny American muscle car; forgot that when all four doors were shut the lock system was activated. All hell broke lose! With my mum muttering and rambling nonchalantly and quietly with the odd distinguishable, God.. men and my dad, the man of the household and the decisive being, who was spouting all sorts of obscenities and was spanking the car,lightly so no damage was done but gave the impression that somehow it was the cars fault, it was up to me (seeming the only level headed member of the family) to aqcuire the basic survival needs such as food and water. With out park tickets being used for the day there was no way of buying fresh water. Giving up on the task of survival and surrending to the fate of the great over-powering Florida sunshine that was gobbling up every ounce of liquid, I went to a little ledge at the very far side of the car park and with ironic timing the edge of my eye caught sight of a little pool. And just like an oasis in the middle of the Sahara desert the temptation to drink from this minor miracle was extreme. As I squatted and stared while heavily drooling with my mouth arid there was a conflict of conscience apparent in my head. The good side was reciting the well known fact that one of the locals had stated, In every pool of water in Florida there is an alligator. The other evil side accompanied by my sailva and most major organs, was willing to tempt fate yet my good conscience claimed noble victory and I was left to dessicate. And looking back on it, it was probably a wise decision, however the journey back to the apartment was like a front row seat between Mohammed Ali and Mike Tyson.

Essay --

In mijn essay behandel ik het boek het Maatschappelijke verdrag van Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Ik heb voor dit boek gekozen, omdat Rousseau mij heel erg interesseerde toen ik hem tegenkwam in handboek 2, het oog in de storm geschreven door Ellen Geerlings. Ik was vooral aangetrokken door zijn denken over de staat, omdat ik mijzelf al lang afvraag waar het naar toe gaat met deze maatschappij waar wij nu in leven, en zo kwam ik bij het Maatschappelijke verdrag terecht. Rousseau is geboren in 1712 te Genà ¨ve. Zijn moeder overleed kort na zijn geboorte en zijn vader leerde hem lezen en schrijven op goed niveau. Op zijn 17e bekeerde hij zich tot het katholicisme. En hij gaat naar Parijs in 1742. Zijn interesse naar de filosofie kwam in zijn 37e levensjaar toen hij de opstelwedstrijd: â€Å"Welke bijdrage heeft de versterkte positie van wetenschappen en kunsten geleverd aan de verfijning der zeden?† won en daardoor in 1 klap een beroemde schrijver is. Zijn interesse voor de filosofie groeit. Hij keert terug naar Genà ¨ve en wordt weer protestants. De plotselinge aandacht die hij kreeg maakte het moeilijk om zijn visie weer te geven. Rousseau is een contractdenker, die de ongelijkheid in deze maatschappij ziet als een voortbrengsel van cultuurhistorische teruggang, doordat bezit en liefde naar onszelf toe ingang hebben gevonden in een meer oorspronkelijke natuurtoestand van samenleven. Er is een verschil tussen mensen die in de natuurtoestand leven en tussen mensen die leven in de maatschappij. Iemand moet de stad gaan bewonen en voordeel doen, en niet doen wat de rest van de stad doet. Rousseau zijn denken in het algemeen is dat de mens terug naar de natuur moet om helemaal vrij te zijn, maar hier bedoelt hij niet mee dat mensen weer in het wo... ...us gevormd door een ieder die zich aan dit Maatschappelijke verdrag houdt. De staat zijn dus dezelfde mensen als de Soeverein. Dus de burgers bepalen wat ze willen en dan zijn zij ook de onderdanen die doen wat zij zelf willen, dus die de algemene wil volgen. Hierdoor ontstaat er voor iedereen vrijheid, omdat iedereen doet wat hij/zij zelf bepaald heeft. Er ontstaat natuurlijk ook zelfbehoud, omdat iedereen bepaald heeft en het dan ook iedereen zijn verantwoordelijkheid is dat elk individu beschermd wordt tegen aanvallen. Datgene wat de burgers (soeverein) bepaald over het belang worden wetten genoemd. Hierin staat de vrijheid van het volk en dit zijn geen wetten die de vrijheid willen beperken. Dit is volgens Rousseau ‘’de enige menselijke vorm die de vrijheid kan aannemen wanneer men het zelfbehoud als uitgangspunt neemt’’ (blz.20 Het Maatschappelijke verdrag) .

Ethics Essay Essay

There are different systems in which an individual or a company could make ethical decisions. They can vary depending on the issue at hand and they relate and different in certain ways. In this writing I will compare the similarities and differences between virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontological ethics. I will include a description of the differences in how each theory addresses ethics and morality. And I will give a personal experience to explain the relationship between virtue, values, and moral concepts as they relate to one of the three theories. Ethical systems based on abstract values are described as virtue theory. Virtue theory is based on character ethics. It is the viewpoint that in living one’s life one should try to cultivate excellence in all they do and in all that other do. This is the system that would address ethics and morality from the perspective of living with high values and with great character (Boylan, 2009). Quoting Boylan (2009) from our book, â€Å"Utilitarianism is a theory that suggests that an action is morally right when that action produces more total utility for the group than any other alternative† (pp. 153). Utilitarianism focuses on what is best for the group or team as a whole. This theory asks, â€Å"What ethical decision will profit the most for the largest amount of people?† Deontology is a moral theory that emphasizes one’s duty to do a particular action just because the action, itself, is inherently right and not through any other sorts of calculations (Boylan, 2009). Calculations like what the consequences of that action might be. Deontology is a duty-based theory when addressing ethics and morality. In comparing these three, a utilitarian working for ATT might overlook a bad credit report to make a deal because the deal would help the company and the  client. Therefore it’s a win-win. A deontologist might make the same decision based on the fact that the client needs a cell phone to be able to take care of business in order to take of her children. The simple fact that the action is inherently right regardless of the consequences is the bases for the deontologist. And to the contrary only a virtuous worker would have integrity and do what was in the best interest of the company. A personal experience of mine to relate these topics would be a girlfriend of mine just got out of a bad relationship where she was not married, but had a child with this man. She lived with the father of her child for many years although he was abusive and was providing home that was unsafe and insufficient for her and her child. She stayed for many years making decisions as a utilitarian until one day she changed to a deontologist. She chose to leave the state and ignore the rights of the father on the grounds that he was abusing both her and her son. She valued her and her son’s health over anything. She was virtuous in that she rose above the desire to retaliate and pursued only their protection. And all of her actions where based on her moral concepts, according to her beliefs and understanding. In conclusion, there are many different theories and ways to make ethical decisions. I have related and compared the virtue theory, utilitarianism, and deontology. I have also shared a personal experience to relate virtue, values, and moral concepts to one of these theories. Life and business are about making decisions and these concepts and theories are a foundation to a healthy life and a healthy business. References Thompson, S. (2014). What is the relationship among virtue, values & moral concepts in individual and business contexts?. Retrieved from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/relationship-among-virtue-values-moral-concepts-individual-business-contexts-69097.html Boylan, M. (2009). Basic Ethics. : Prentice Hall.

Inventory and Nestle

About Nestle Nestle is a multinational packaged foods company founded and headquartered in Vevey Switzerland. it is the world`s foremost Nutrition. Health & Wellness Company committed serving consumers all over the world. Their focus on responsible nutrition and promoting heaLth and wellness is a core value, emphasizing responsibility and sustainability. Nestle products are sold in almost every country in the world. MISSION STATEMENT Nestle is dedicated to providing the best foods to people throughout their day. Throughout their lives, throughout the world.With our unique experience of anticipating consumers’ needs and creating solutions. Nestle contributes to your well-being and enhances your quality of life. † COST ACCOUBTING INFORMATION SYSTEM OF NESTLE INPUT MEASUREMENT BASIS STANDARD COSTING Nestle is using STANDARD COSTING as a base for input measurement Standard costs are usually associated with a company’s costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufa cturing overhead. Rather than assigning the actual costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead to a product, nestle’ like many manufacturers assigns the expected or standard cost.This means that its inventories and cost of goods sold will began with amounts reflecting the standard costs, nor the actual costs, of a product Nestle’, of course still has to pay the actual costs. As a result there almost always differences between the actual costs and the standard costs, and those differences are known as variances, REASON FOR USING STANDARD COSTING Nestle is currently using Standard costing method because the related variances are valuable management tool. If a variance arises, management becomes aware that manufacturing costs have differed from the standard (planned. xpected) costs. †¢ If actual costs are greater than standard costs the variance is unfavorable. An unfavorable variance tells nestle’ management that if everything else stay s constant the company`s actual profit will be less than planned. †¢ If actual costs are less than standard costs the variance is favorable. A favorable variance tells management that if everything else stays constant the actual profit will likely exceed the planned profit. The sooner that the accounting system reports a variance, the sooner that Nestle management can direct its attention to the difference from the planned accounts.DIRECT MATERIALS USAGE VARIANCE Under a standard costing system. Production and inventories are reported at the standard cost—including the standard quantity of direct materials that should have been used to make the products. If the manufacturer actually uses more direct materials than the standard quantity of materials for the products actually manufactured, the company will have an unfavorable direct materials usage variance, If the quantity of direct materials actually used is less than the standard quantity for the products produced, the company will have a favorable usage variance.The amount of a favorable and unfavorable variance is recorded in a General ledger account Direct Materials Usage Variance. (Alternative account titles include Direct Materials Quantity Variance or Direct Materials Efficiency Variance. ) Lets demonstrate this variance with the following information. Direct Labor: Standard Cost. Rate Variance, Efficiency Variance Direct labor refers to the work done by those employees who aciually make the product on the production line. (â€Å"Indirect labor† is work done by employees who work in the production area. but do not work on the production line.Examples include employees who set up & maintain the equipment. ) Unlike direct materials (which are obtained prior o being used) direct Labor is obtained and used at the same time, This means that for any given good output, we can compute the direct labor rate variance. The direct labor efficiency variance, and the standard direct labor cost at t he same time. Variable Mfg Overhead: Standard Cost, Spending Variance, Efficiency Variance Manufacturing overhead costs† refer to any costs within a manufacturing facility other than direct material and direct labor.Manufacturing overhead includes such things as indirect labor, indirect materials (such as manufacturing supplies), utilities, quality control, material handling, and depreciation on the manufacturing equipment and facilities. â€Å"Variable† manufacturing overhead costs will increase in total as output increases. Fixed Mfg Overhead: Standard Cost, Budget Variance, Volume Variance â€Å"Fixed† manufacturing overhead costs remain the same in total even though the volume of production may increase by a modest amount. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIANCESIf the direct labor is not efficient at producing the good output, there will be an unfavorable labor efficiency variance. That inefficiency will likely cause additional variable manufacturing overhead—r esulting in an unfavorable variable manufacturing overhead efficiency variance. If these inefficiencies are significant, it is possible that the company may not be able to produce enough good output to absorb the planned fixed manufacturing overhead—resulting in an unfavorable fixed manufacturing overhead volume variance. TREATMENT OF VARIANCESThe treatment of variances follows these guidelines: If the variance amount is very small (insignificant relative to the company’s net Income), simply put the entire amount on the income statement. If the variance amount is unfavorable, increase the cost of goods sold—thereby reducing net income. If the variance amount is favorable, decrease the cost of goods sold—thereby increasing net income. If the variance is unfavorable, significant in amount, and results from mistakes or inefficiencies, the variance amount can never be added to any inventory or asset account.These unfavorable variance amounts go directly to th e income statement and reduce the company`s net income. If the variance is unfavorable significant in amount and results from standard costs not being realistic, allocate the variance to the company’s inventory accounts and cost of goods sold. The allocation should follow the standard costs of the inputs from which the variances arose. If the variance amount is favorable and significant in amount, allocate the variance to the company`s inventories and its cost of goods sold. INVENTORY VALUATION METHOD ACTIVITY BASED COSTINGActivity based costing (ABC) assigns manufacturing overhead costs to products in a more logical manner than the traditional approach of simply allocating costs on the basis of machine hours. Activity based costing first assigns costs to the activities that are the real cause of the overhead. It then assigns the cost of those activities only to the products that are actually demanding the activities. IMPLEMENTATION OF ABC IN NESTLE Nestle company is using ac tivity based costing method for inventory valuation. Firstly they identify all activities that use resources.Cost pools are set up for each of the activities identified. They assign overhead costs to the cost pools based on a cost driver. Cost pools are used to assign costs. Costs are assigned to its, batches, or products. REASON FOR USING ACTIVITY BASED COSTING Nestle is currently using ABC techniques because it helps it in determining accurate product cost. Complex companies Like Nestle may see the most benefit from this type of costing because it is most helpful when the costing information is difficult to understand or evaluate.ABC provides information to Nestle regarding processes that should be improved and the products or services that are contributing the most to company’s profitability, ABC system also helps Nestle in knowing what are the factors that contribute most to cost, which in turn assists management in choosing best alternative in reducing overall costs incu rred by the Nestle Company. ABC system can be the best tool to be utilized in implementing environmental accounting at the firm level. COST ACCUMULATION METHODNestle is using process costing method. It is a costing system in which the cost of a product or service is obtained by assigning costs to masses of lake or similar units and then computing unit costs on an average basis. Process costing averages the costs over all units to come to the per unit cost. In Nestle. Direct material and direct labor costs are tracked by department, and are assigned evenly to the products that pass through each department. Overhead costs are applied to each department and are assigned evenly to each product.Multiple WIP accounts are used one for every process. As products are moved from one process to another, the costs of the previous process are transferred to the next process. Five steps are involved in Nestles process costing method firstly it summarizes the flow of physical units of output. Seco ndly, computes output in terms of equivalent units, Thirdly, computes equivalent unit costs. Fourthly, summarizes total costs to account for. And at the end, they assign total costs to units completed and to units in ending work in process inventory.REASON FOR USING PROCESS COSTING Process-costing used in Nestle because it broadens the economics of quality by classifying cost of non-conformance and cost of conformance i. e. â€Å"costs incurred when a process is running without failure. It also allows Nestle tracking and reduction of costs normally associated with efficiency in addition to effectiveness (quality)†. COST FLOW ASSUMPTION FIFO In Cost flows assumption. Nestle is using FIFO method. FWO is an acronym for First In, First Out.A method of valuating the cost of goods sold that uses the cost of the oldest items in inventory first What comes in first is handled first what comes in next waits until the first is finished. Etc. REASON FOR USING FIFO Nestle is using FIFO as cost flow assumption for its products. Because most of its products are perishable and they have short expiry date. Nestle also believe in tax minimization. For taxation purposes, FIFO assumes that the assets that ate renaming in inventory are matched to the assets that are most recently purchased or produced.Because of this assumption, there are number of tax minimization strategies associated with using the FIfo asset-management and valuation method. Due to this reason, Nestle is using FIFO method as a cost flow. FWO gives Nestle a better indication of the value of ending the inventory on the balance sheet. One of the reasons for using FIFO method by Nestle is the increasing rate of inflation. Because of this, Nestle uses FIFO inventory accounting in order to make their balance sheet look better. RECORDING INTERVAL CAPABILITYInventory records can be maintained on a perpetual or a periodic basis In the past manufacturers tended to keep perpetual inventories, while retailers used t he periodic method. However, today a variety of point of sale devices and dedicated microcomputer software are readily available to provide any company with perpetual inventory capability. NESTLE’S METHOD Nestle is Currently using perpetual method for maintaining the inventory records because this method provides the company with real time and true inventory information.To record purchases, the periodic system debits the Purchases account while the perpetual system debits the Merchandise Inventory account. To record sales, the perpetual system requires an extra entry to debit the Cost of goods sold and credit Merchandise Inventory. By recording the cost of goods sold (or each sale, the perpetual inventory system lessens the need for adjusting entries and calculation of the goods sold at the end of a financial period, both of which the periodic inventory system requires.The reasons for which Nestle is using perpetual method rather than periodic inventory method is that †¢ By using perpetual method Nestle can determine their COGS and profit or loss after every sale unlike periodic, in which you get profit or loss at the end of the period. †¢ Nestle has preferred perpetual system because it is a realistic double entry system while periodic is arbitrary. †¢ The company can watch the inventory more closely using this method because whenever there is an increment and decrement inventory, some other account like profit loss must be debited or credited. And in the perpetual system stock loss gain is immediately noticed and not at the end of year when the physical count of the inventory is taken The advantages that Nestle has got due to the use of the perpetual inventory system, is a high degree of control, it aids in the management of proper inventory levels, and physical inventories can be easily compared. Whenever a shortage (Le. a missing or stolen good) is discovered, the Inventory Shortages account should be debited.

Websites with Joomla Essays

Websites with Joomla Essays Websites with Joomla Essay Websites with Joomla Essay Building Websites with Joomla! 1. 5 The best-selling Joomla! tutorial guide updated for the final release Hagen Graf BIRMINGHAM MUMBAI Building Websites with Joomla! 1. 5 Copyright  © 2008 Packt Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, Packt Publishing, nor its dealers or distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book. Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information. First published: March 2008 Production Reference: 1240308 Published by Packt Publishing Ltd. 32 Lincoln Road Olton Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK. ISBN 978-1-847195-30-2 www. packtpub. com Cover Image by Vinayak Chittar (vinayak. [emailprotected] com) Credits Author Hagen Graf Translator Wolfgang Spegg Senior Acquisition Editor Louay Fatoohi Technical Editor Akshara Aware Editorial Team Leader Mithil Kulkarni Project Manager Abhijeet Deobhakta Cover Work Shantanu Zagade Project Coordinator Brinell Lewis Indexer Monica Ajmera Proofreader Chris Smith Production Coordinators Aparna Bhagat Shantanu Zagade About the Author Hagen Graf was born in July 1964. Born and raised in Lower Saxony, Germany, his first contact with a computer was in the late seventies with a Radioshack TRS 80. As a salesperson, he organized his customers data by programming suitable applications. This gave him a big advantage over other salesmen. With the intention of honing his skills, he joined evening courses in programming and became a programmer. Nowadays, he works in his wifes consulting company as a trainer, consultant, and programmer ( ocoate. com). Hagen Graf has published other books in German, about the Apache web server, about security problems in Windows XP, about Mambo, and about Drupal. Since 2001, he has been engaged in a nonprofit e-learning community called machmit. org e. V. , as well as in several national and international projects. All the projects are related to content management, community building, and harnessing the power of social software like wikis and weblogs. He chose Joomla! CMS be cause of its simplicity and easy-to-use administration. You can access and comment on his blog ( bloghouse. org/en/hagen). Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Content Management System (CMS) A Quick Glance into History Joomla! - How was it Developed? Structure of a Web Content Management System (WCMS) Front End and Back End Access Rights Content Extensions Components Templates Plug-Ins 7 8 11 13 13 13 14 14 1 7 Workflow Configuration Settings API Is Joomla! a Piece of Real Estate? Joomla! Versions Numbering System of Joomla! Versions Road Map Changes In Detail Internationalization User Plugs of Joomla! Pages Joomla. org Travel Shop, Ireland Frank Ludtke, Germany Hotel Schonruh, Austria Urth. tv, USA unric. org, Europe porsche. com. br, Brazil Summary 21 22 23 23 24 24 25 25 26 27 27 Chapter 2: Installation Client-Server System Accessing a Joomla! Website on the Internet Technical Requirements for Joomla! Necessary Elements for a Joomla! System Installation Local Test Environment Windows Operating System Linux Operating System Mac OS X Operating System Rented Virtual Server Your Own Server 29 29 29 30 30 31 Production Environment 32 33 33 36 31 31 32 32 32 Setting Up the Local Server Environment Windows Linux XAMPP for Windows openSUSE 10. x Debian/Ubuntu Your Own Server at a Provider (Root Server) 34 36 37 37 Joomla! Installation on a Virtual Server on the Net Joomla! Installation Selecting a Directory for Installation An Example Directory Unpacking 38 39 39 Joomla! Web Installer Step 1: Language Selection Step 2: Pre-Installation Check Step 3: Licence Step 4: Database Configuration Step 5: FTP Configuration Step 6: Configuration Step 7: Completion [ ii ] 41 39 39 41 42 42 43 44 46 46 48 Table of Contents. Summary 50 Chapter 3: A Tour of Your New Website Front End Menus Top Menu Main Menu/Breadcrumbs Other Menus What is Content? First Page/Front Page The Newest Information/The Most Often Read Messages Banner Area Login Area Polling Who is Online? Feeds Search Field 51 51 53 Content 54 53 54 54 55 56 57 58 59 59 60 60 60 Advertising Functions 57 58 Decorative Elements Outlook Back end Summary 61 61 62 63 Chapter 4: Customizing Joomla! - Language and Templates A Different Language for the Website and the Administrator Installation of a Different Language File Translation of a Menu Entry Modifying the Menu Name Changing the Template for Your Website Changing Colors in the Template Summary Screen Layout Menu Bar Tool Bar Submenus Filter Elements Content Area Lists Dialogs Miscellaneous Help 5 65 65 67 68 68 69 70 71 71 72 73 73 73 74 74 74 75 Chapter 5: Configuration of Joomla! Administration 71 [ iii ] Table of Contents Help Icon Help with Speech Balloons Help Menu Joomla! Help System Info Summary 75 75 75 76 76 78 Chapter 6: Site Menu Control Panel User Manager Logout Users Icon Delete Users Icon Edit Users Icon New User Icon Media Manager Creating Directories Uploading a File Global Configuration Site Section 79 System Section System Settings Users Settings Media Settings Debug Settings Cache Settings Session Settings Site Settings Metadata Settings SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Settings 79 80 81 81 82 86 86 88 88 89 90 94 90 91 92 94 95 96 97 98 99 Server Section Logout Summary Server Settings Locale Settings FTP Settings Database Settings Mail Settings 103 103 99 100 100 101 102 99 Chapter 7: The Menus Menu Menus Customizing an Existing Menu Menus Icon Default Icon Publish/Unpublish Icon Move Icon [ iv ] 105 106 106 107 107 108 108 Table of Contents. Copy Icon Trash Icon Edit Icon (Edit Menu Items) New Icon Menu Trash Creating a New Menu Summary 109 109 109 116 117 117 123 Chapter 8: Content Menu Article Manager Description of the Articles List Editing Icons for an Article Archive, Unarchive Approve, Block Move, Copy Trash Basket Parameters Parameters 125 126 127 129 Creating a New Article Images Article Trash Section Manager Editing Sections Category Manager Front Page Manager Editing Content from the Front End Summary 132 137 140 140 141 144 145 146 147 130 130 130 130 131 133 Chapter 9: Components Menu Banner Banners Clients Manage Banners Graphic Banners Text Links Contacts Contact Manager Details Information Parameters 149 49 149 150 151 152 153 154 154 Creation of a Menu Link for the Website Categories News Feeds Feeds [v] 156 159 160 160 155 156 156 Table of Contents Categories Polls Search Statistics Web Links Links Categories Summary 161 162 164 164 164 166 166 Chapter 10: Extensions Menu Install/Uninstall Install, Components, Modules, Plug-ins, Languages, and Templates Module Manager Site Module Breadcrumbs Footer Banner Main Menus Statistics Login Form Archive Sections Related Items Wrapper Feed Display Whos Online Polls Advertisement Random Image Syndication Newsflash Latest News Popular Search 67 167 168 169 171 Administrator Module Logged in Users Popular Recent added Articles Menu Stats Footer Unread Messages Online Users Quick Icons Login Admin Menu User Status Admin Submenu Title Toolbar 182 171 172 172 173 174 175 176 176 176 176 177 178 178 178 179 179 179 180 181 181 183 183 183 183 183 183 183 184 184 184 184 184 184 184 [ vi ] Table of Contents. Plugins Manager Authentication Plug-ins Joomla! LDAP OpenID Gmail CSS Admin Menu 184 185 184 Content Plug-ins Image Page Navigation SEF Rating Email Cloaking GeSHi Load Module Pagebreak No Editor TinyMCE 2. 0 86 185 186 186 186 Editors Plug-ins Editors-xtd Plug-ins Search Plug-ins System Plug-ins Log Debug Legacy Cache Remember Me Backlink Joomla! 188 188 188 188 186 186 186 187 187 187 187 187 188 188 User Plug-ins 189 189 190 190 188 189 189 189 189 189 189 189 190 XML-RPC Plug-ins Template Manager Site Editing a Template Preview Icon Edit HTML Icon Edit CSS Icon XML-RPC-Joomla XML-RPC blogger API Administrator Language Manager Summary 192 192 192 190 191 191 192 Chapter 11: Tools Private Messaging System Mass Mail [ vii ] 193 193 194 Table of Contents Global Check-In Summary 95 196 Chapter 12: More on Extensions Fireboard (Forum) Installation Configuration Setting Up a Forum Integration into the Website DOCman (Download section, Document Management) Installation Configuration Language Integration into the Website Preparing Content Search Plug-in Supplementary Module Expose Flash Gallery Installation Integration into the Website Album Manager in the Administration Section Uninstallation Album Manager as a Stand-Alone Program Integration into the Joomla! Framework Problems with Third-Party Components Updates Security What should you Do? Summary Corporate Identity HTML/XHTML, CSS, and XML HTML/XHTML CSS XML Creating Your Own Templates Concept HTML Conversion Directory Structures of the Template First Trial Run 197 198 199 201 201 202 203 204 205 205 206 208 210 210 211 212 214 216 219 219 220 220 220 220 221 221 223 224 224 224 225 226 226 227 230 232 Chapter 13: Writing Your Own Joomla! Templates 223 [ viii ] Table of Contents. Integration of the Joomla! Module Creating a Template Package Installation with the Joomla! Template Installer What Source Code Comes from Joomla? Summary 233 235 236 236 240 Chapter 14: Barrier Freedom and Joomla! Barrier Freedom- What is it Anyway? The Legal Backround 241 241 Criteria for Accessible Sites at a Glance Separation of Content and Layout Demands on Design and Content Visual and Content Component The MySQL Table The Front End The com_auto Administration Test Creating an Installation Package Modules Source Code Installation View on the Website Plug-ins Summary Idea Preparations Logo and Appearance Technical Conversion Local Installation The First Few Articles Masthead Photographs Texts 67 267 268 269 270 275 276 277 281 290 290 292 292 294 294 294 297 299 300 300 302 Chapter 16: A Website with Joomla! 299 302 302 302 304 305 307 307 307 308 309 310 311 312 312 Menu Structure Setting up the Texts and the Menu Links in the Main Menu Contact Link Top Menu Shop The Impressions Structure of the Main Menu Structure of the Top Menu Structure of the User Menu 306 308 The User Section User Details The User Menu The Download Section 311 First Results M Bertrand Learns CSS [x] 314 314 315 Table of Contents. Changes for Joomla! V ersion 1. Installation on the Webserver How to Do the Installation Installation of Joomla! at the Provider Importing the Data File and Directory Rights Search Engines Search Engine Friendly URLs Metatags Design Installation of the Template The Template Happy End How Does It Work in Reality? Summary FTP MySQL Formatting Step by Step 322 323 323 324 324 326 327 327 327 327 328 328 330 330 330 318 323 324 Chapter 17: Bonus Templates NGO Tom Bohacek The World Knowledge Template Creative Approach Structural Approach Business Establishment Andy Miller Summary 331 32 332 332 333 334 334 334 336 Appendix A: Online Resources Appendix B: Template Modules Appendix C: How Do I switch an Image (Logo) in the Template? Appendix D: Joomla! API Appendix E: Forgot the Admin Password Appendix F: Migration from Joomla! 1. 0. x to Joomla! 1. 5 Backing Up Your Data Backing Up the Files The Migration Script New Installation of Joomla! 1. 5. 0 337 339 341 343 345 347 347 350 350 350 [ xi ] Table of Content s Manual Method Modifying the Joomla! 1. 5 Database Scheme Importing the Tables 351 351 351 Appendix G: Security Without Global Variables Index 53 355 [ xii ] Preface Joomla! is life! It is an open-source project that is in constant motion. It is unpredictable, sometimes indescribable, partially controversial, now and then slightly sleepy, and provincial. Despite this, or perhaps exactly because of this, it has been extremely successful for two years now and is popular with millions of users worldwide. There is a stable, widely used, and popular version 1. 0x. For the past two years, developers have hammered, tinkered, forged, modified, disagreed, deleted, expanded, and hammered again. Two incredibly exciting years have passed since the foundation of Joomla! 2005. The Joomla! team has organized and established itself in these years, it has enhanced Joomla! 1. 0 up to version 1. 0. 13 and has now taken the biggest development step so far with version 1. 5. The users of the system have been equally ambitious. Many of them have converted their websites from Mambo to Joomla! And many users have come brand new to Joomla! , and there are still some people in this world that dont know the system. Joomla! is the most widely used open-source Web Content Management System in the world. One year after the foundation of the project, in the fall of 2006, the development team reported approximately 5,000,000 Joomla! installations on public web servers that were being used more or less continuously. There were 45,000 registered developers with 1,100 projects that expanded Joomla! with additional functionalities. There were 450,000 entries from 50,000 users in the forum at joomla. org. Preface Here are the numbers one year later, in November 2007: More than 20,000,000 installations 28 members in the development team and 16 members in the core team Over 2,000 projects that are preparing to expand Joomla! More than 1,000,000 (one million) entries and 100,000 users in Joomla! s forum That is an increase of more than 100 % in one year! The scope of the websites rages from very simple homepages to complex business applications. In this book I will explain why Joomla! is so successful and how you can use it as well. The word Joomla! is derived from Jumla from Swahili and means all together. Joomla! is the software result of a serious disagreement between the Mambo Foundation, which was founded in August 2005, and its development team. Joomla! s the continued development of the successful Mambo system and, like Mambo, is a piece of software that enables simple administration of websites from a web browser. Joomla! , according to its own description, is a Cutting Edge Content Management System and one of the most powerful Open Source Content Management systems in the world. It is used world-wide for anything from simple homepages to complicated corporate websites. It is easy to install, eas y to manage, and very reliable. What This Book Covers First of all this book, naturally, is about Joomla! and how to use Joomla!. Joomla! is a tool with a myriad of options and depending on your imagination and needs you can use them in a variety of ways. In order for you to get comfortable with this tool, I have divided the book into the following chapters. Chapter 1 covers the terms and conventions that will make it easier to work with Joomla!. Chapter 2 describes how to install Joomla! in various environments. Chapter 3 provides an overview by means of a tour of the structure of the example data that is available once Joomla! is installed. Chapter 4 covers customizing Joomla! language and templates. [2] Preface Chapter 5 covers the operation of the administration area, its configuration, and administration of content. It also discusses the elements in the Menu bar, Tool bar, and the Help menu. Chapter 6 discusses how to customize the Site menu. Chapter 7 discusses how to customize the Menus menu. Chapter 8 discusses how to customize the Content menu. Chapter 9 discusses how to customize the Components menu. Chapter 10 discusses the Extensions menu. Chapter 11 talks about the Tools menu containing administrator tools: a private messaging system, a mass mailing function, and the global checking in of content elements. Chapter 12 presents examples of extension possibilities for Joomla!. Chapter 13 deals with the design of your website and how to create your own templates. Chapter 14 is written by Angie Radtke. Angie is the undisputed expert when it comes to Joomla! barrier-freedom and she is the mastermind behind the creation of the barrier-free Beez template with Robert Deutz. Chapter 15 teaches you how to write your own extensions. Chapter 16 helps create a practical application with Joomla! from concept to realization of the website. Chapter 17 introduces two templates that you can use for your own website. In the appendix you will find important details for updates, security, and other important subjects. Conventions In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of their meaning. There are three styles for code. Code words in text are shown as follows: If you take a look in your database system, there are a whole bunch of components in the [PathtoJoomla]/components subdirectory and one of them is the com_contact component. [3] Preface A block of code will be set as follows: main . eading h2,#main2 . leading h2 { background:#EFDEEA; border-bottom:solid 0 #333; color:#93246F; font-family:trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size:1. 4em; font-weight:normal; Any command-line input and output is written as follows: /etc/init. d/mysql start New terms and important words are introduced in a bold-type font. Words that you see on the screen, in menus or dialog boxes for exampl e, appear in our text like this: clicking the Next button moves you to the next screen. Important notes appear in a box like this. Tips and tricks appear like this. Reader Feedback Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about this book, what you liked or may have disliked. Reader feedback is important for us to develop titles that you really get the most out of. To send us general feedback, simply drop an email to [emailprotected] com, making sure to mention the book title in the subject of your message. If there is a book that you need and would like to see us publish, please send us a note in the SUGGEST A TITLE form on www. packtpub. com or email [emailprotected] com. If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing or contributing to a book, see our author guide on www. acktpub. com/authors. [4] Preface Customer Support Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things to help you to get the most from your purchase. Downloading the Example Code for the Book The downloadable files contain instructions on how to use them. Visit packtpub. com/files/code/5302_Code. zip, to directly downlad the example code. Errata Although we have taken every care to ensure the accuracy of our contents, mistakes do happen. If you find a mistake in one of our books- maybe a mistake in text or code- we would be grateful if you would report this to us. By doing this you can save other readers from frustration, and help to improve subsequent versions of this book. If you find any errata, report them by visiting packtpub. com/support, selecting your book, clicking on the Submit Errata link, and entering the details of your errata. Once your errata are verified, your submission will be accepted and the errata added to the list of existing errata. The existing errata can be viewed by selecting your title from packtpub. com/support. Questions You can contact us at [emailprotected] om if you are having a problem with some aspect of the book, and we will do our best to address it. [5] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Before we dive into Joomla! , allow me to explain a few terms and concepts, and bring you up to date on some background material. Content Management System (CMS) Content Management System (CMS) contains the terms content and management, which imprecisely refer only to a system that manages content. Such a system could be a board and a piece of chalk (menu or school chalkboard), or some free online encyclopedia such as Wikipedia or an online auction house such as eBay. In all these examples contents are administered, in the last instance by numerous participants. These participants play a major role in content management systems, on one hand as administrators and on the other as users and editors. Apart from CMSs, there are terms such as Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (ERP systems- administration of corporate data), Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM systems- maintenance of customer contacts), Document Management Systems (DMS systems- administration of documents), Human Resource Management Systems (HRM systems- administration of personnel), and many others. It is difficult to define the term CMS because of its encompassing nature and variety of functions. Wikepedias definition is my favorite: A content management system, or CMS, is a computer software system used to enable and organize the joint process of creating and editing text and multimedia documents (content). The abbreviation ECMS has established itself as the term for Enterprise Content Management Systems. The other abbreviations listed above are subsets of ECMS. Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Joomla! belongs to the category of Web Content Management Systems (WCMS), since its functionality is administered from a browser on the Web. In general, the term content management is used in connection with web pages that can be maintained by a browser. This doesnt necessarily make the definition any easier. A Quick Glance into History While Sun Microsystems maintained in the nineties that the network is the computer, Microsoft was not going to rest until a Windows computer sat on every desk. This prediction became a reality. Microsoft was able to rest and is actually looking for new markets and new products. The computer that Microsoft was concerned with was a mixture of data files and binary executable files. Files with executable binary contents are called programs, and were bought and installed by customers to manipulate data. Microsoft Office was the winner in most of the offices around the world. The computer that Sun was working with was a cheap, dumb terminal with a screen, a keyboard, a mouse, and access to the Internet. The programs and data were not stored on this computer, but somewhere on the net. The mine philosophy governed Microsofts practices whereas the our philosophy was adopted by Sun. The motivation for these philosophies in both the companies was commercial interest. Microsoft primarily sold software for PCs to the consumer market; Sun, on the other hand, sold server hardware and programs to the enterprise market. The Internet, invented in the sixties, underwent an explosive growth in the midnineties. Among other things, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), the language used to write web pages, and the development of web servers and web clients (browsers) helped its expansion. The Internet itself is merely a set of rules that various devices could understand and with which they could communicate with each other in such a clever way that it covered the entire planet in almost no time. An individual without an email address could no longer be reached and a company without a website was not only old-fashioned, but didnt exist in the eyes of many customers. The whole world swarmed to the Internet within a short time to become a part of it. Movies like The Matrix became a huge hit and 1984, a book by George Orwell, was successfully superseded. [8] Chapter 1 Those who were used to buying programs bought HTML editors and created Internet pages with them. The others preferred to write their own HTML code with whatever text editor they had on hand. And the web agency, where one could order a web page, was born. Both groups faced the problem that HTML pages were static. To change the content of the page, it had to be modified on a local PC and then copied to the server. This was not only awkward and expensive, but also made web presences like eBay or Amazon impossible. Both the groups came up with fixes to more or less solve this problem. The mine faction developed fast binary programs, with which one could produce HTML pages and load them via automated procedures onto the server. Interactive lements, such as visitor counters, among others, were built into such pages. The our faction discovered Java applets and with them the capability of writing a program that resided centrally on a server and could be maintained from a browser. Entire business ideas, like online booking and flight reservation concepts, were based on this solution. Both the groups tried to increase their market share in different ways. The result was quite a st able market for both, in which passionate battles over the correct operating system (Windows, Linux, or Mac OS X) constantly drove the version numbers higher and higher. Customers got used to the fact that nothing was easy. There is always a third option in these situations. In our case, it was, among other things, the emergence of open-source scripting languages like PHP ( php. net). Rasmus Lerdorf wanted to offer interactive elements on his homepage and with that a new programming language was born. From the outset, PHP was optimized in perfect cooperation with the MySQL database, which was also under the GNU/GPL license. Fortunately, there was the Linux operating system and the Apache web server that offered the necessary infrastructure on the server. The display medium at the client side was the browser. LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) soon became synonymous with database-supported, interactive presence on the Internet. The most diverse systems like forums, communities, online shops, voting pages, and similar things that made it possible to organize contents with the help of a browser were developed in an enthusiastic creative rush. Soon after the difficult things such as Linux and Apache had been created, the soft products were developed. [9] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations The nineties were nearing their end; the Internet share bubble burst and all of a sudden the trend was to build unmitigated classical business models with unmitigated classical methods. Whenever the economy isnt doing well, costs are scrutinized and the options for lowering costs are contemplated. There are now, as there were earlier, numerous options! PHP applications had distribution in the millions. We only need to look at the phpBB ( phpbb. com/) and phpMyAdmin ( phpmyadmin. net/) projects as examples. One developed to become the quasi-standard for forum software and the other, the standard for manipulating MySQL databases via web interfaces. The source code of the PHP language and the applications became better and better quickly due to the enormous number of users and developers. The more open a project was, the more successful it became. Individual gurus were able to save enterprises immense amounts of money in next to no time. Static HTML pages were considered old and expensive, and were overhauled. They had to be dynamic! Developers have been working in this environment for a decade now. Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP were readily accepted in the industry. The search for professionally usable PHP applications had begun. With this search one looks for: A simple installation process Easy serviceability of the source code Security of the source code User-friendliness Easy expandability Simple development Simple job training for new developers Standardized interfaces to other programs Low costs Independence from the supplier The special advantage of PHP applications is the independence from hardware and operating system. LAMP also exists as WAMP (Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) for Windows, MAMP (Mac, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) for Apple, and for numerous other platforms. And now Joomla! finally enters the picture. [ 10 ] Chapter 1 Joomla! - How was it Developed? An Australian company, Miro ( miro. com. au), developed a CMS called Mambo in the year 2001. It made this system available as open-source software to test it and to ensure wider distribution. In the year 2002, the company split its Mambo product into a commercial and an open-source version. The commercial variant was called Mambo CMS, the open-source version Mambo Open Source or MOS for short. By the end of 2004 all parties involved had agreed that MOS could officially be called Mambo and that a successful future for the fastest developing CMS of its time would be jointly secured. The advantages of the commercial version were primarily the increased security for companies and the fact that they had Miro, which also supported further development, as guidance. The open-source version offered the advantage that it was free and that an enormous community of users and developers alike provided continuous enhancements. In addition, it was possible for enterprises to take Mambo as a base and to build their own solutions on top of it. In order to secure the existence and the continued development of Mambo, there were deliberations on all sides in the course of the year 2005 to establish a foundation for the open-source version of Mambo. In the fall of 2005 the establishment of the Mambo Foundation was announced on the Mambo project page. After positive reactions during the first few hours it quickly became obvious that Miro in Australia had established the foundation and that the developer team had not been included into the plans for the incorporation. Heated discussions erupted in the forums of the community and the developer team wrapped itself in silence for a few days. A short time thereafter a position was finally taken by the developing team and published on opensourcematters. org, announcing that it would be advised by the neutral Software Freedom Law Center (http://softwarefreedom. org/) and that it was planning the continued development of Mambo under its own responsibility. The prospect of an improved Mambo based on new source code immediately made its way into the forums. Quickly, a war of the roses developed between the Miro-dominated Mambo Foundation that was all of a sudden without a development team, and the development team itself, which, of course, needed a new name for the split entity, and an inflamed international community of hundreds of thousands of users. The parties sometimes called each other names in blogs, forums, and the respective project pages. Meanwhile, development of both projects continued. The fork was called Joomla! [ 11 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations The development team put great value on democratic rules. The new project needed a logo and therefore a contest was announced to the new community. By that time, about 8,000 users had registered with the new forum. The Mambo Foundation soon thereafter introduced its new development team. Version 1. 0 of Joomla! was published on the 17th of September 2005. Quickly many of the third-party developers, groups that had been developing Mambo components, switched the projects Simpleboard (today FireBoard), DOCman, and many others to Joomla! and therewith endorsed the trust in the new project. The prefix mos that had been used in so many variables and terms was quickly transformed to jos. A detailed summary of these events can be accessed on the Internet at: devshed. com/c/a/BrainDump/Joomla-is-theNew-Mambo/ Two years after its foundation, Joomla! was one of the most popular open-source projects in the world. However, a lot of time was wasted in those two years on organizational trench warfare and intercultural misunderstandings due to the restructuring. The Web 2. 0 celebrated its victories. User-created content became more and more important. Second life and its virtual reality became world famous. The programming language Ruby and in particular Ruby on Rails was being used more and more to develop websites. Programming interfaces played an ever larger role. Joomla 1. 0x looked and looks a little old and gray in this company. It had not exhausted its developmental options, but users looked longingly at systems like Plone, Typo3, Drupal, and lot of others that did not have the problems that come with sheer size and reorganization and that were able to constantly incorporate new technologies into their projects. For the past two years Joomla! ersion 1. 0x has not really been expanded any further, but security updates with minor code changes have been released. A two-year waiting time for a new version is not good advertising for the project. Joomla! has often been declared dead and was frequently ridiculed during this time and derisive articles on the lines of How to ruin an amazing software project! appeared in the trade. However, the project team has come through with Joomla! version 1. 5. Now that everything has been discussed fully in forums, mailing lists, emails, and personal meetings, Joomla! s future is now rosier than ever in my eyes. 12 ] Chapter 1 On one hand, upgrading from version 1. 0x to1. 5x is going to take some effort, since there is no full downward compatibility due to the changed source code. However, on the other hand, this definitely launches Joomla! into the league of business-capable content management systems. The clever strategy of creating building blocks with Joomla! (Joomla! framework), with which developers can be part of the new developments, is going to pay dividends. It is finally possible to choose various methods of authentication to create barrier-free websites in various languages, and to take part in the Web 2. mashups wave that is clearly spilling into enterprises. The road to developing components in environments such as Eclipse is now open. With its existing c ommunity, developer, and installation density, Joomla! will simply blanket many sectors of this market. Many hosting providers are already offering Joomla! pre-installed to their clients so that there will be no serious problems when upgrading from simpler websites. Structure of a Web Content Management System (WCMS) Using Joomla! as an example, I will briefly explain the structure of a WCMS. Front End and Back End A WCMS consists of a front end and a back end. The front end is the website that the visitors and the logged-on users see. The back end, on the other hand, contains the administration layer of the website for the administrators. Configuration, maintenance, cleaning, the generation of statistics, and new content creation are all done in the back end by authorized people. The back end is at a different URL than the website. Access Rights Whenever we talk of management, we talk of the clever administration of existing resources. In a WCMS, user names and group names are assigned to the people involved and each one of them is assigned different access rights. This ranges from a simple registered user through an author and editor up to the super-administrator, who has full control over the domain. Based on the rights, the website then displays different content; an option is available to edit content directly in the front end, or the user is given the right to work in the back end. [ 13 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Content Content can come in all kinds of forms; in the simplest case, it is text. However, content can also be a picture, a link, a piece of music, a snippet from an application like Google Maps or a combination of all of these. To keep an overview of the content, one embeds it in structures, for example, texts of different categories. The categories, of course, are also content that needs to be administered. Newsfeeds have become very popular, since Internet Explorer 7 now has the capability to read RSS feeds and more than 80% of computer users still use this browser. Newsfeeds give you the option of integrating information from other sources. Integration, categorization, rating, mashing, and updating of newsfeed content is becoming more and more important. Extensions Components, modules, templates, and plug-ins are all referred to as Extensions. They offer additional functions that are not contained in Joomla! s core. Components Joomla! has to be expandable and should be able to grow with the requirements. Extensions that offer additional functionalities and that usually have their own area in Joomla! s administration are called components. For example, typical components of recent years are an online shop, a picture gallery, and a newsletter or forum system. Today things like search engine optimization, user rights, multi-page forms, and variable content structures are becoming more and more important. Components contain the business logic of their site and display content in the main body of the website. Templates A template is a kind of visual editing pattern that is placed on the top of content. A template defines the colors, character fonts, font sizes, background images, spacing, and partitioning of the page, in other words, everything that has to do with the appearance of a page. A template is made up of at least one HTML file for the structure of the page and one CSS file for the design. It can also have a far more extensive structure in order to prepare Joomla! content for barrier freedom or for a completely different purpose. [ 14 ] Chapter 1 Plug-Ins A plug-in is a piece of programming code that is appended at certain places in the Joomla! framework to change its functionality. Such a plug-in can, for instance, be used inside content text to load the content of a module into the text. Plug-ins are also used in a comprehensive website search in order to integrate additional components. Sometimes plug-ins are used like a macro language in Joomla! Special modules pertaining to components are used to integrate content in the desired form into templates. The Recent News module, for example, delivers the headlines of the last five articles that were placed by the Content component to the template. Another module, for example, determines the number of users that are on-line at the moment and displays the result. Workflow By workflow one understands a sequence of operations. The bureaucratic set of three (mark, punch, and file) is an example of a workflow. A recipe for baking a cake is also a workflow. Since several people usually work with CMS content, well-organized workflows are a tremendous help. In the past, one also referred to work inventories that a certain user has. For example, the editor sees a list of non-published pieces of news, which he or she has to examine for correctness. After examining them, the editor marks the pieces of news as correct and they appear in the work inventory of the publisher. The publisher then decides whether to publish each piece on the front page. Configuration Settings Settings that apply to the entire website are specified using the configuration settings. This includes the title text in the browser window, keywords for search engines, switches that permit or forbid logging on to the site or that switch the entire page offline or online, and many other functions. API Today an Application Programming Interface (API) has to be provided to be with the times. It has to be possible (and it is) to access Joomla! from other programs and to invoke it remotely to some extent. This opens up entirely new applications that were previously not feasible with Joomla! An API is the most important link between third-party extension developers and the Joomla! ore. [ 15 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Is Joomla! a Piece of Real Estate? Joomla! is a kind of construction kit that, once installed on the server, enables you to create and maintain your website. Joomla! is like a house that you build on a property of your choice and that you can furnish gradually. Thus, to a certain extent, it is real estate. Stop! I was talking about mobility all the tim e and now Im asking you to build real estate? Have no fear, the real estate you build is physically at one place (your server), but is accessible from everywhere. To make a piece of real estate habitable, you need necessary services such as heating, electricity, and water supply. That is the reason your Joomla! is deposited at a server as as safe as possible, where hopefully, the electricity will never be cut. We are talking 24/7. Just like with your house, you also have a certain room layout in Joomla!. You have a room to show off (content), for cooking and conversing (forum), for working (administration area), and a completely private one, one that you show only to good friends (member area). Perhaps you also have a large room that integrates all these areas. It doesnt matter which room layout you decide on, you have to furnish your house, lay a beautiful floor, paper the walls, hang a few pictures on the walls (template), and of course, clean it regularly. This is because the numerous guests leave traces that are not always desirable. A visitor needs an address (domain) to find your house. As many people as possible should be aware of this address. Since there is no residents registration office on the Internet, you have to be the one that takes care of the topic, How can I be found? Perhaps you also have a garden that surrounds your house and that has different entry gates. There is an official entrance portal, a back door, and perhaps another small, weathered garden gate for good friends. And perhaps you dont like such types of houses and would rather use trailers, tents, mobile homes, hotels, or maybe you prefer community living and are glad to pay rent and dont want to think about all the details. If you apply the last few sentences to your website, then you already see how important it is to know what you want, who you are, and how you want to look to your community. One cannot not communicate! One can, however, be quickly misunderstood. So plan your virtual house on the Internet properly. Put thought into the texts, into possible interactive elements like a calendar or a forum, and of course, an area that only registered users are allowed to see. Think about prompts that guide and dont patronize users and take a look at how others do it. [ 16 ] Chapter 1 Talk with the people you want to address through your website. They will be honored to have been asked beforehand and they will perhaps give you tips that were not obvious from your point of view. This is an economical and very effective option to gather ideas and to avoid the worst of mistakes. Invest your heart and soul into things that are absolutely crucial for the success of your website. Joomla! Versions As with all software, there are different development steps with Joomla!. The Joomla! team published a roadmap on the 1st of September 2005 that started with Joomla! version 1. 0. The first Joomla! version consequently received the number 1. 0, so that there was no confusion with the existing Mambo versions. Version 1. 0 is a revised version of the last Mambo version 4. 5. 2. 3. The revisions relate to the new name, known errors, and security patches. Mambo, in the meantime, has released version 4. . 2 In the last two years, thirteen Joomla! 1. 0. x versions, which have improved and corrected a lot of small details in the code, have been released. If you have followed the development, you have probably noticed that Joomla! has become more and more reliable from version to version. Numbering System of Joomla! Versions Joomla! versions abide by the three-step system. St ep 1 = major release number: This is incremented whenever profound changes are made at the source-code level. The version with the higher number sometimes is not compatible with earlier versions. Step 2 = minor release number: This is incremented whenever significant changes to functionality are made. The higher version number is usually compatible (with minor customizing) with earlier versions. Step 3 = maintenance release number: This is incremented whenever errors are repaired and safety gaps are plugged. An increase of this number indicates only minor changes and very minor new features. These versions are fully compatibly with the versions of the same step 1 and 2 number. Full release: This is a change in the step 1 and 2 system. With these, alpha and beta test periods are given. The length of the test periods s not fixed and is at the discretion of the development team. Beta versions should be available for testing for at least three weeks in order to give component developers the time to customize their components. Maintenance release: This release can be used immediately. [ 17 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Version 1. 5. 0 represents the first full release a fter two years. There were alpha and beta versions and release candidates. Third-party developers are customizing their components for the new version. The community tests the software for any incompatibilities with the prior version. You can follow the reporting and fixing of bugs on Joomla! s website and if you find a bug, you can report it there. You will also find the list of requested improvements (http://joomlacode. org/gf/project/joomla/tracker/) there. The development process for Joomla! 1. 5 has largely been unnoticed since the fall of 2005. The concepts for version 1. 5 were already quite concrete at that time and in February 2006 the first alpha-version was released. Road Map This road map can, of course, change at any time, it does, however, represent a good framework for orientation. The following table shows the Joomla! oadmap (status as of November 2007). Version Mambo 4. 5. 2 Joomla 1. 0. x Date of Release 17. Feb. 2005 From Sep. 2005 Oct 2006 Comments Last stable version of Mambo Transfer of Mambo version 4. 5. 2. 3 Corrections of bugs and security patches Last stable version of Joomla! 1. 0. 13 Joomla 1. 5 Beta 1 Internationalization (total support for UTF-8) Administration interface capability f or every language User plug-ins Database: Support for MySQL- and MySQLi-database servers FTP system, to sidestep the PHP safe mode with providers Fundamental changes and overhaul of the structure, the framework, of Joomla! tself and with it preparation for the possibility to create barrier-free websites with Joomla! Separation of programming logic and layout Improvement to search engine friendliness (SEF) Reworked caching mechanism [ 18 ] Chapter 1 Version Joomla 1. 5 Beta 2 Date of Release May 2007 Comments Developer documentation (API, How-tos) API tuning Redeveloped caching Redeveloped support for search-engine friendly URLs Introduction of the MooTool Javascript Framework Barrier-free Beez template in the core Joomla 1. 5 RC1-4 July 2007 December 2007 User documnetation Corrections Security and performance improvements Testing on various platforms and in various browsers Joomla 1. 5 stable Future verions of Joomla January 2008 No dates given The stable version New user access control system Version control for content Multi-site installations (many Joomla sites in one Joomla installation) Update mechanism Virtual file system Support for more databases Changes In Detail As can be seen from the table, the 1. 5 version is the first true Joomla!. The Joomla! team spent the first year stabilizing the inheritance from Mambo under the Joomla! ame and charting their own direction. The changes in Joomla! 1. 5 clearly reveal future developments. Internationalization Every piece of static text can now be translated into language files. This is in particular relevant for the administration area, which up to now was only available in English. Support of scripts that are written from right to left (i. e. RTL, Arabic, Hebrew, Farsi, and Urdu) . Complete changeover to the UTF-8 character set for coding and displaying all characters in Unicode. [ 19 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations User Plug-Ins Mambots are now called plug-ins and user plug-ins, authentification plug-ins, xmlrpc plug-ins, and system plug-ins now join content, editor, and search plug-ins. Alternative login mechanisms from external programs, among others, can be used with the aid of these plug-ins. XML Remote Procedure Call Support XML Remote Procedure Call (XML-RPC) is a specification that allows software on different systems and in different environments to communicate. All the important programming languages are supported and there are libraries that change the code into XML-RPC (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/XML-RPC). Joomla! lso offers such an interface. With it, for instance, it is possible to post an image from Flickr or write an article with OpenOffice and to subsequently publish it in Joomla! This opens up fascinating options for developers; for example they can now access Joomla! from a Java program. Support of Several Databases Joomla! 1. 5 contains an abstraction layer that makes it possible to ru n Joomla! with various database versions. However, only one of these databases can be used for each particular Joomla! installation. At the moment MySQL 4. x, 5. x are supported. Additional databases will be supported in the future. FTP System An FTP layer has been added to avoid problems with file access rights. Therefore, installation of new components and other uploads can be handled via PHP upload and via FTP. The service providers restrictive (but reasonable) approach in terms of the PHP language had made the installation of extensions and the downloading of files in general, more difficult. Overhaul of the Joomla! Framework There has been no such thing as a framework in terms of a packaged kit for Joomla! functionality so far. It did, however, become crystal clear after the fork that the old Mambo source code had to be improved just about everywhere. It became necessary to rewrite and code Joomla! s functionality cleanly. A framework has to be flexible, scalable, separated from the output, and above all be comprehensible so that a third-party developer can write good components in a reasonable amount of time. A proprietary API (Application Programming Interface) is essential for that. [ 20 ] Chapter 1 Barrier Freedom Barrier freedom is an important topic and it has been a legal obligation in Germany for government websites to be barrier free since the first of January 2006. W3C has written standards for it. Joomla! 1. 5 already has a omplete barrier free template (Beez) and with it the option to comply with these standards. Barrier freedom is achieved by compliance with these standards (valid HTML/ XHTML) and by the complete separation of content (text, images, etc. ) from layout by the use of cascading style sheets (CSS). This statement applies 100% to the front end at the moment. The administration area is also scheduled to bec ome completely barrier free in later versions. Currently it can be used by at least a person without vision. Search Engine Friendliness Support for search-engine friendly URLs has been removed from the Joomla! ore and swapped into a plug-in. This makes it possible to add functionality with third-party components, which was very difficult before. Google Summer of Code Projects Since 2005 Google has been supporting talented students and their ideas in its Summer of Code Project (http://code. google. com/soc/2007/) with certain open-source projects to the tune of $ 4,500 each. Instead of taking whatever summer job is available to earn money, they can work on their hobby for the collective good and of course also to the benefit of Google. Every year the Summer of Code brings stunning amounts of PR, good ideas, and good programmers to Google. The opens of Joomla! Pages Joomla. org In order to get a feeling for what Joomla! pages look like and whether the Joomla! page even exists, have a look at a few: This is of course one of the largest Joomla! websites. [ 23 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations Travel Shop, Ireland A tourist industry website with an interesting menu system from joomlart. com Frank Ludtke, Germany A successful combination of Joomla! and Coppermine photo-gallery. [ 24 ] Chapter 1 Hotel Schonruh, Austria A simple website of a hotel in the Ziller valley. Urth. tv, USA A social platform for citizens of the world! 25 ] Terms, Concepts, and Deliberations unric. org, Europe The United Nations is also working with Joomla!. In this case thirteen languages have to be displayed on the website. [ 26 ] Chapter 1 porsche. com. br, Brazil Last but not least the Stuttgart SP Veiculos Ltd from Sao Paulo. This company has taken part in the entire history of development from Mambo to Joomla! and has now upgraded to Joomla! 1. 5. You can find a listing of Joomla! websites in the Site Showcase of the forum at: http://forum. joomla. org/index. php/board,58. 0. html Summary In this chapter we took a quick glance at the history of Joomla! and discussed the structure of WCMS. We familiarized ourselves with the Joomla! versions and features and saw a few Joomla! -powered pages. [ 27 ] Installation The installation of Joomla! is a matter of five minutes. If you have installed it before, you can do it in three minutes. You will have the opportunity to test this claim in Chapter 16. In order to be able to even start the installation, your development environment must include a web server that supports PHP and a database that is supported by Joomla!. The Joomla! files are copied into this system and are then installed with a web installer. This type of an environment is also called a Client-Server System. Client-Server System A Client-Server System is a network structure, in which an unlimited number of work stations (clients) can access services offered by a central server. The server is responsible for the delivery of the services. The client can communicate with the server and supplies the actual user interface. The client is an Internet browser. The servers, in our case, are called Apache and MySQL. Accessing a Joomla! Website on the Internet So you have a rough idea of what is going on behind the curtains, here is a simplified list of what has to happen in order for a computer to be able to access a Joomla! website: Establish an Internet connection via a provider. Call up the requested web address (URL) from the browser. The browser makes contact with the web server. The web server sends a query to the PHP-language interpreter that is installed on the server. The PHP language interpreter calls the Joomla! PHP files and interprets them. Installation The PHP interpreter requests the necessary data from the database. The PHP interpreter creates either HTML or XHTML code, depending on the web server used. The web server delivers the page or the generated code to the client browser. The browser detects pointers to CSS and other files (images, flash elements, etc. ) in the page just received and requests these from the web server separately. While loading all the necessary resources, the browser attempts to parse and render the page, in other words to take it apart and to display it. You can see from this course of events that the system consists of a lot of components that have no specific relation to Joomla! at all. Technical Requirements for Joomla! Joomla! requires the following: An installed and functioning web server, for instance Apache version 1. 13. 19 or later or Microsoft IIS. PHP scripting language version 4. 3 or later and support for MySQL and Zlib has to be compiled in PHP. Zlib is a library that enables PHP to read file packages that have been compressed with the ZIP procedure. The MySQL database system from version 3. 23. x on or with Unicode character sets MySQL from 4. 1. x on. Necessary Elements for a Joomla! System Installation You can: Set the system up locally on your PC Set the system up on a server in a companys Intranet Rent a virtual server from a provider Rent or purchase a server from a provider (with root access) [ 30 ] You need all the components mentioned above to install a Joomla! system for yourself. PC, browser, and Internet connection are usually available. There are a number of options for web server, PHP interpreter, and database. Chapter 2 You can also: Have the web server and database located on computers that are physically separated from each other You can also, of course, use different: Brands of web servers Versions of PHP interpreters Versions of MySQL databases And on top of that, you can install and operate all these components on various operating systems. This freedom in choice of resources sometimes confuses the layperson, therefore we will discuss a few typical scenarios. Local Test Environment In the scenario where you are at home or in your office and want to set up a Joomla! website, then you can use any of the following operating systems. Windows Operating System For a Windows operating system you can use either of two web servers: Windows XP Professional and Windows Vista Ultimate both come with a web server, the Internet Information Server. You still have to install PHP and a database, and then youre ready. You take a preconfigured package (XAMPP), unpack it on your computer, and everything you need is there. Linux Operating System Here it depends on the distribution version you have. All the distributions allow simple installation (with a click of the mouse) of the Apache, PHP, and MySQL packages. At times, depending on distribution, they may already be preinstalled. So you can use: The programs contained in the distribution. A preconfigured package (XAMPP); extract it on your computer and everything you need is there. [ 31 ] Installation Mac OS X Operating System In Mac OS X operating system, you have a default web server (Apache) in your system that you have to activate, but unfortunately not PHP. There is no official version of PHP for Mac OS X, but there is a PHP Apache module that you can install ( entropy. ch/software/macosx/php/). There are executable versions of MySQL for Mac OS X, which can be installed after the relevant download (http://dev. mysql. com/downloads/mysql/5. 0. html). So you can use: The installed Apache web server and install the missing software. The preconfigured XAMPP package for Mac OS X. Extract it on your computer and everything you need is there. Another complete package by the name of MAMP is also very popular with the Mac OS X environment ( mamp. info). Production Environment You have several options here as well. Rented Virtual Server You rent a web-space package with database, PHP support, and often also your domain name from a provider. In this case you have a functional environment and you can install your Joomla! into it. Consult your provider as to the version choices (PHP, MySQL). Sometimes providers offer Joomla! preinstalled with various templates. If this is so, all you have to do is activate Joomla! with a click of the mouse and it is ready for you. Your Own Server You rent a server from a provider and install the operating system of your choice. You are the administrator of the system and you can work on it, just like on your PC at home. Before you venture into the wilderness of the Internet, you should first practice on your local computer. This has the advantage that there are no connection fees, it is very fast, and you can practice at a leisurely pace. You may even have a small local network at home where you can install Joomla! on one computer and access it from another. [ 32 ] Chapter 2 Remember, that there are probably more current versions on the respective project sites on the Internet. If you install Joomla! in the wild, on a server on the Internet, you should always use the latest stable version. Never install a Beta version for a production site! Setting Up the Local Server Environment To install Joomla! locally you have to set up the appropriate server environment as described previously. Windows Windows is extremely user-friendly and immensely popular. Over 90 percent of all PCs work with Windows as their operating system. Windows XP and Windows Vista are the dominating versions. Unfortunately the Apache web server and the MySQL database, and PHP are not included with Windows. You could install each of these programs separately, or grab a preconfigured package (this is very practical and it will save your nerves). In Windows XP and Windows Vista, you log on to your system in administrator mode. If you dont know if you have administrator rights, check your account type: click Start | Control Panel | User Accounts and change your rights if necessary: [ 33 ] Installation XAMPP for Windows XAMPP is a project by Kai Oswald Seidler and Kay Vogelgesang. For several years now, these two have been cooking up a complete